README
failpoint
An implementation of failpoints for Golang. Fail points are used to add code points where errors may be injected in a user controlled fashion. Fail point is a code snippet that is only executed when the corresponding failpoint is active.
Quick Start
Build
failpoint-ctl
from sourcegit clone https://github.com/pingcap/failpoint.git cd failpoint make ls bin/failpoint-ctl
Inject failpoints to your program, eg:
package main import "github.com/pingcap/failpoint" func main() { failpoint.Inject("testPanic", func() { panic("failpoint triggerd") }) }
Transfrom your code with
failpoint-ctl enable
Build with
go build
Enable failpoints with
GO_FAILPOINTS
environment variableGO_FAILPOINTS="main/testPanic=return(true)" ./your-program
If you use
go run
to run the test, don't forget to add the generatedbinding__failpoint_binding__.go
in your command, like:GO_FAILPOINTS="main/testPanic=return(true)" go run your-program.go binding__failpoint_binding__.go
Design principles
- Define failpoint in valid Golang code, not comments or anything else
Failpoint does not have any extra cost
- Will not take effect on regular logic
- Will not cause regular code performance regression
- Failpoint code will not appear in the final binary
Failpoint routine is writable/readable and should be checked by a compiler
Generated code by failpoint definition is easy to read
Keep the line numbers same with the injecting codes(easier to debug)
Support parallel tests with context.Context
Key concepts
Failpoint
Faillpoint is a code snippet that is only executed when the corresponding failpoint is active. The closure will never be executed if
failpoint.Disable("failpoint-name-for-demo")
is executed.var outerVar = "declare in outer scope" failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name-for-demo", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val, outerVar) })
Marker functions
It is just an empty function
- To hint the rewriter to rewrite with an equality statement
- To receive some parameters as the rewrite rule
- It will be inline in the compiling time and emit nothing to binary (zero cost)
- The variables in external scope can be accessed in closure by capturing, and the converted code is still legal because all the captured-variables location in outer scope of IF statement.
It is easy to write/read
Introduce a compiler check for failpoints which cannot compile in the regular mode if failpoint code is invalid
Marker funtion list
func Inject(fpname string, fpblock func(val Value)) {}
func InjectContext(fpname string, ctx context.Context, fpblock func(val Value)) {}
func Break(label ...string) {}
func Goto(label string) {}
func Continue(label ...string) {}
func Fallthrough() {}
func Return(results ...interface{}) {}
func Label(label string) {}
Supported failpoint environment variable
failpoint can be enabled by export environment variables with the following patten, which is quite similar to freebsd failpoint SYSCTL VARIABLES
[<percent>%][<count>*]<type>[(args...)][-><more terms>]
The argument specifies which action to take; it can be one of:
- off: Take no action (does not trigger failpoint code)
- return: Trigger failpoint with specified argument
- sleep: Sleep the specified number of milliseconds
- panic: Panic
- break: Execute gdb and break into debugger
- print: Print failpoint path for inject variable
- pause: Pause will pause until the failpoint is disabled
How to inject a failpoint to your program
You can call
failpoint.Inject
to inject a failpoint to the call site, wherefailpoint-name
is used to trigger the failpoint andfailpoint-closure
will be expanded as the body of the IF statement.failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { failpoint.Return("unit-test", val) })
The converted code looks like:
if val, _err_ := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { return "unit-test", val }
failpoint.Value
is the value that passes byfailpoint.Enable("failpoint-name", "return(5)")
which can be ignored.failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(_ failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test") })
OR
failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func() { fmt.Println("unit-test") })
And the converted code looks like:
if _, _err_ := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { fmt.Println("unit-test") }
Also, the failpoint closure can be a function which takes
context.Context
. You can do some customized things withcontext.Context
like controlling whether a failpoint is active in parallel tests or other cases. For example,failpoint.InjectContext(ctx, "failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) })
The converted code looks like:
if val, _err_ := failpoint.EvalContext(ctx, _curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) }
You can ignore
context.Context
, and this will generate the same code as above non-context version. For example,failpoint.InjectContext(nil, "failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) })
Becomes
if val, _err_ := failpoint.EvalContext(nil, _curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) }
You can control a failpoint by failpoint.WithHook
func (s *dmlSuite) TestCRUDParallel() { sctx := failpoint.WithHook(context.Backgroud(), func(ctx context.Context, fpname string) bool { return ctx.Value(fpname) != nil // Determine by ctx key }) insertFailpoints = map[string]struct{} { "insert-record-fp": {}, "insert-index-fp": {}, "on-duplicate-fp": {}, } ictx := failpoint.WithHook(context.Backgroud(), func(ctx context.Context, fpname string) bool { _, found := insertFailpoints[fpname] // Only enables some failpoints. return found }) deleteFailpoints = map[string]struct{} { "tikv-is-busy-fp": {}, "fetch-tso-timeout": {}, } dctx := failpoint.WithHook(context.Backgroud(), func(ctx context.Context, fpname string) bool { _, found := deleteFailpoints[fpname] // Only disables failpoints. return !found }) // other DML parallel test cases. s.RunParallel(buildSelectTests(sctx)) s.RunParallel(buildInsertTests(ictx)) s.RunParallel(buildDeleteTests(dctx)) }
If you use a failpoint in the loop context, maybe you will use other marker functions.
failpoint.Label("outer") for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { inner: for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ { switch rand.Intn(j) + i { case j / 5: failpoint.Break() case j / 7: failpoint.Continue("outer") case j / 9: failpoint.Fallthrough() case j / 10: failpoint.Goto("outer") default: failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val.(int)) if val == j/11 { failpoint.Break("inner") } else { failpoint.Goto("outer") } }) } } }
The above code block will generate the following code:
outer: for i := 0; i < 100; i++ { inner: for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ { switch rand.Intn(j) + i { case j / 5: break case j / 7: continue outer case j / 9: fallthrough case j / 10: goto outer default: if val, _err_ := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { fmt.Println("unit-test", val.(int)) if val == j/11 { break inner } else { goto outer } } } } }
You may doubt why we do not use
label
,break
,continue
, andfallthrough
directly instead of using failpoint marker functions.Any unused symbol like an ident or a label is not permitted in Golang. It will be invalid if some label is only used in the failpoint closure. For example,
label1: // compiler error: unused label1 failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { if val.(int) == 1000 { goto label1 // illegal to use goto here } fmt.Println("unit-test", val) })
break
andcontinue
can only be used in the loop context, which is not legal in the Golang code if we use them in closure directly.
Some complicated failpoints demo
Inject a failpoint to the IF INITIAL statement or CONDITIONAL expression
if a, b := func() { failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) }) }, func() int { return rand.Intn(200) }(); b > func() int { failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name", func(val failpoint.Value) int { return val.(int) }) return rand.Intn(3000) }() && b < func() int { failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name-2", func(val failpoint.Value) { return rand.Intn(val.(int)) }) return rand.Intn(6000) }() { a() failpoint.Inject("failpoint-name-3", func(val failpoint.Value) { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) }) }
The above code block will generate something like this:
if a, b := func() { if val, _err_ := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) } }, func() int { return rand.Intn(200) }(); b > func() int { if val, _err_ := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name")); _err_ == nil { return val.(int) } return rand.Intn(3000) }() && b < func() int { if val, ok := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name-2")); ok { return rand.Intn(val.(int)) } return rand.Intn(6000) }() { a() if val, ok := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("failpoint-name-3")); ok { fmt.Println("unit-test", val) } }
Inject a failpoint to the SELECT statement to make it block one CASE if the failpoint is active
func (s *StoreService) ExecuteStoreTask() { select { case <-func() chan *StoreTask { failpoint.Inject("priority-fp", func(_ failpoint.Value) { return make(chan *StoreTask) }) return s.priorityHighCh }(): fmt.Println("execute high priority task") case <- s.priorityNormalCh: fmt.Println("execute normal priority task") case <- s.priorityLowCh: fmt.Println("execute normal low task") } }
The above code block will generate something like this:
func (s *StoreService) ExecuteStoreTask() { select { case <-func() chan *StoreTask { if _, ok := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("priority-fp")); ok { return make(chan *StoreTask) }) return s.priorityHighCh }(): fmt.Println("execute high priority task") case <- s.priorityNormalCh: fmt.Println("execute normal priority task") case <- s.priorityLowCh: fmt.Println("execute normal low task") } }
Inject a failpoint to dynamically extend SWITCH CASE arms
switch opType := operator.Type(); { case opType == "balance-leader": fmt.Println("create balance leader steps") case opType == "balance-region": fmt.Println("create balance region steps") case opType == "scatter-region": fmt.Println("create scatter region steps") case func() bool { failpoint.Inject("dynamic-op-type", func(val failpoint.Value) bool { return strings.Contains(val.(string), opType) }) return false }(): fmt.Println("do something") default: panic("unsupported operator type") }
The above code block will generate something like this:
switch opType := operator.Type(); { case opType == "balance-leader": fmt.Println("create balance leader steps") case opType == "balance-region": fmt.Println("create balance region steps") case opType == "scatter-region": fmt.Println("create scatter region steps") case func() bool { if val, ok := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("dynamic-op-type")); ok { return strings.Contains(val.(string), opType) } return false }(): fmt.Println("do something") default: panic("unsupported operator type") }
More complicated failpoints
- There are more complicated failpoint sites that can be injected to
- for the loop INITIAL statement, CONDITIONAL expression and POST statement
- for the RANGE statement
- SWITCH INITIAL statement
- …
- Anywhere you can call a function
- There are more complicated failpoint sites that can be injected to
Failpoint name best practice
As you see above, _curpkg_
will automatically wrap the original failpoint name in failpoint.Eval
call.
You can think of _curpkg_
as a macro that automatically prepends the current package path to the failpoint name. For example,
package ddl // which parent package is `github.com/pingcap/tidb`
func demo() {
// _curpkg_("the-original-failpoint-name") will be expanded as `github.com/pingcap/tidb/ddl/the-original-failpoint-name`
if val, ok := failpoint.Eval(_curpkg_("the-original-failpoint-name")); ok {...}
}
You do not need to care about _curpkg_
in your application. It is automatically generated after running failpoint-ctl enable
and is deleted with failpoint-ctl disable
.
Because all failpoints in a package share the same namespace, we need to be careful to avoid name conflict. There are some recommended naming rules to improve this situation.
- Keep name unique in current subpackage
Use a self-explanatory name for the failpoint
You can enable failpoints by environment variables
GO_FAILPOINTS="github.com/pingcap/tidb/ddl/renameTableErr=return(100);github.com/pingcap/tidb/planner/core/illegalPushDown=return(true);github.com/pingcap/pd/server/schedulers/balanceLeaderFailed=return(true)"
Implementation details
- Define a group of marker functions
- Parse imports and prune a source file which does not import a failpoint
- Traverse AST to find marker function calls
- Marker function calls will be rewritten with an IF statement, which calls
failpoint.Eval
to determine whether a failpoint is active and executes failpoint code if the failpoint is enabled
[rewrite-demo](./media/rewrite-demo.png)
Acknowledgments
- Thanks gofail to provide initial implementation.
*Note that all licence references and agreements mentioned in the failpoint README section above
are relevant to that project's source code only.