consistent

Consistent hashing with bounded loads in Golang

Description

Package consistent provides a consistent hashing function which simultaneously achieves both uniformity and consistency.

Programming language: Go

License: MIT License

Tags: Load-balancer     Distributed Systems     Go     Golang     Consistent-hashing    

README

consistent

This library provides a consistent hashing function which simultaneously achieves both uniformity and consistency.

For detailed information about the concept, you should take a look at the following resources:

• Consistent Hashing with Bounded Loads on Google Research Blog
• Improving load balancing with a new consistent-hashing algorithm on Vimeo Engineering Blog
• Consistent Hashing with Bounded Loads paper on arXiv

Table of Content

• Overview
• Notable Users
• Install
• Configuration
• Usage
• Benchmarks
• Examples

Overview

In this package's context, the keys are distributed among partitions and partitions are distributed among members as well.

When you create a new consistent instance or call Add/Remove:

• The member's name is hashed and inserted into the hash ring,
• Average load is calculated by the algorithm defined in the paper,
• Partitions are distributed among members by hashing partition IDs and none of them exceed the average load.

Average load cannot be exceeded. So if all members are loaded at the maximum while trying to add a new member, it panics.

When you want to locate a key by calling LocateKey:

• The key(byte slice) is hashed,
• The result of the hash is mod by the number of partitions,
• The result of this modulo - MOD(hash result, partition count) - is the partition in which the key will be located,
• Owner of the partition is already determined before calling LocateKey. So it returns the partition owner immediately.

No memory is allocated by consistent except hashing when you want to locate a key.

Note that the number of partitions cannot be changed after creation.

Notable Users

buraksezer/consistent is used at production by the following projects:

• buraksezer/olric: Embeddable, distributed data structures in Go.
• open-telemetry/opentelemetry-operator: Kubernetes Operator for OpenTelemetry Collector.
• megaease/easegress: A Cloud Native traffic orchestration system.
• chrislusf/seaweedfs: SeaweedFS is a distributed storage system for blobs, objects, files, and data warehouse, to store and serve billions of files fast!.
• erda-project/erda: An enterprise-grade Cloud-Native application platform for Kubernetes.
• celo-org/celo-blockchain: Global payments infrastructure built for mobile.
• koderover/zadig: Zadig is a cloud native, distributed, developer-oriented continuous delivery product.
• mason-leap-lab/infinicache: InfiniCache: A cost-effective memory cache that is built atop ephemeral serverless functions.
• opencord/voltha-lib-go: Voltha common library code.
• kubeedge/edgemesh: Simplified network and services for edge applications.
• authorizer-tech/access-controller An implementation of a distributed access-control server that is based on Google Zanzibar - "Google's Consistent, Global Authorization System.
• Conflux-Chain/confura Implementation of an Ethereum Infura equivalent public RPC service on Conflux Network.

Install

With a correctly configured Go environment:

go get github.com/buraksezer/consistent

You will find some useful usage samples in examples folder.

Configuration

type Config struct {
    // Hasher is responsible for generating unsigned, 64 bit hash of provided byte slice.
    Hasher Hasher

    // Keys are distributed among partitions. Prime numbers are good to
    // distribute keys uniformly. Select a big PartitionCount if you have
    // too many keys.
    PartitionCount int

    // Members are replicated on consistent hash ring. This number controls
    // the number each member is replicated on the ring.
    ReplicationFactor int

    // Load is used to calculate average load. See the code, the paper and Google's 
    // blog post to learn about it.
    Load float64
}

Any hash algorithm can be used as hasher which implements Hasher interface. Please take a look at the Sample section for an example.

Usage

LocateKey function finds a member in the cluster for your key:

// With a properly configured and initialized consistent instance
key := []byte("my-key")
member := c.LocateKey(key)

It returns a thread-safe copy of the member you added before.

The second most frequently used function is GetClosestN.

// With a properly configured and initialized consistent instance

key := []byte("my-key")
members, err := c.GetClosestN(key, 2)

This may be useful to find backup nodes to store your key.

Benchmarks

On an early 2015 Macbook:

BenchmarkAddRemove-4          100000         22006 ns/op
BenchmarkLocateKey-4         5000000           252 ns/op
BenchmarkGetClosestN-4        500000          2974 ns/op

Examples

The most basic use of consistent package should be like this. For detailed list of functions, visit godoc.org. More sample code can be found under _examples.

package main

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/buraksezer/consistent"
    "github.com/cespare/xxhash"
)

// In your code, you probably have a custom data type 
// for your cluster members. Just add a String function to implement 
// consistent.Member interface.
type myMember string

func (m myMember) String() string {
    return string(m)
}

// consistent package doesn't provide a default hashing function. 
// You should provide a proper one to distribute keys/members uniformly.
type hasher struct{}

func (h hasher) Sum64(data []byte) uint64 {
    // you should use a proper hash function for uniformity.
    return xxhash.Sum64(data)
}

func main() {
    // Create a new consistent instance
    cfg := consistent.Config{
        PartitionCount:    7,
        ReplicationFactor: 20,
        Load:              1.25,
        Hasher:            hasher{},
    }
    c := consistent.New(nil, cfg)

    // Add some members to the consistent hash table.
    // Add function calculates average load and distributes partitions over members
    node1 := myMember("node1.olric.com")
    c.Add(node1)

    node2 := myMember("node2.olric.com")
    c.Add(node2)

    key := []byte("my-key")
    // calculates partition id for the given key
    // partID := hash(key) % partitionCount
    // the partitions are already distributed among members by Add function.
    owner := c.LocateKey(key)
    fmt.Println(owner.String())
    // Prints node2.olric.com
}

Another useful example is _examples/relocation_percentage.go. It creates a consistent object with 8 members and distributes partitions among them. Then adds 9th member, here is the result with a proper configuration and hash function:

bloom:consistent burak$ go run _examples/relocation_percentage.go
partID: 218 moved to node2.olric from node0.olric
partID: 173 moved to node9.olric from node3.olric
partID: 225 moved to node7.olric from node0.olric
partID:  85 moved to node9.olric from node7.olric
partID: 220 moved to node5.olric from node0.olric
partID:  33 moved to node9.olric from node5.olric
partID: 254 moved to node9.olric from node4.olric
partID:  71 moved to node9.olric from node3.olric
partID: 236 moved to node9.olric from node2.olric
partID: 118 moved to node9.olric from node3.olric
partID: 233 moved to node3.olric from node0.olric
partID:  50 moved to node9.olric from node4.olric
partID: 252 moved to node9.olric from node2.olric
partID: 121 moved to node9.olric from node2.olric
partID: 259 moved to node9.olric from node4.olric
partID:  92 moved to node9.olric from node7.olric
partID: 152 moved to node9.olric from node3.olric
partID: 105 moved to node9.olric from node2.olric

6% of the partitions are relocated

Moved partition count is highly dependent on your configuration and quailty of hash function. You should modify the configuration to find an optimum set of configurations for your system.

_examples/load_distribution.go is also useful to understand load distribution. It creates a consistent object with 8 members and locates 1M key. It also calculates average load which cannot be exceeded by any member. Here is the result:

Maximum key count for a member should be around this:  147602
member: node2.olric, key count: 100362
member: node5.olric, key count: 99448
member: node0.olric, key count: 147735
member: node3.olric, key count: 103455
member: node6.olric, key count: 147069
member: node1.olric, key count: 121566
member: node4.olric, key count: 147932
member: node7.olric, key count: 132433

Average load can be calculated by using the following formula:

load := (consistent.AverageLoad() * float64(keyCount)) / float64(config.PartitionCount)

Contributions

Please don't hesitate to fork the project and send a pull request or just e-mail me to ask questions and share ideas.

License

MIT License, - see LICENSE for more details.